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| Essays on CRIMINAL JUSTICE: GENERAL
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IN COLD BLOOD.
Term Paper ID:30730
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Essay Subject:
Discusses the motives and actions of the cold blooded murderer, Perry Smith.... More...
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4 Pages / 900 Words
2 sources, 7 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses the motives and actions of the cold blooded murderer, Perry Smith. Material is from Truman Capote's nonfiction novel "IN COLD BLOOD," and an article by G.A. Satten. Examines Smith's life and actions with Satten's examples to grasp how he could murder without apparent reason. Early abuses suffered by Smith.
Paper Introduction:
In the annals of cold-blooded murders, the killing of the Clutter family stands out as a prime example. Truman Capote's 1965 non-fiction novel on the subject infers that the two murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, were not psychologically responsible, and although the two were found guilty, Capote's perspective seems reasonable. The murders committed by Perry Smith seem inexplicable even after reading Capote's In Cold Blood with its collection of accounts of Smith's life, the psychiatrist's report, and the excerpts from the Satten article on other murders committed "without apparent motive" (p. 298). Of course, as Capote points out, it was only the murder of Mr. Clutter that presents this kind of mystery since the other three members of the family were killed out of self-protection. But in Smith's account of killing Mr. Clutter there is so much simple
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CRIME CONTROL.
Term Paper ID:30491
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Essay Subject:
Examines how to reduce crime in the U.S. and improve the quality of life.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
11 sources, 27 Citations,
APA Format
$96.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines how to reduce crime in the U.S. and improve the quality of life. Cites social costs in terms of ecnomics. Crime statistics. Selected types of crime activity in poor urban areas. Problems of gangs and drugs. Assessment of crime prevention programs; ones that work. Issue of funding for community policing.
Paper Introduction:
Crime Control and Justice in the United States: A Forecast
Crime is seen as having profound effects on the quality of life in the United States, and as imposing social costs that reach as much as $1 trillion per year (Ludwig, Duncan, & Hirschfield, 2001). Crime statistics indicate that selected types of crime in specific geographic locales have been declining, but according to Stephens (2001), crime and crime control continue to occupy a central position on the American social and political agenda. This report will examine the ways in which the national crime control efforts and the administration of justice are likely to evolve and change over the course of the next 50 years. It will be argued that a combination of what Stephens (2001) calls “proactive policing” and the deployment of sophisticated electronic technologies to pre
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U.S. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
Term Paper ID:30289
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Essay Subject:
Dsicusses whether the system is too lenient or too tough.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
8 sources, 17 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses whether the system is too lenient or too tough. Contends main problem is that is is responsive to the wrong pressures. Focus on economic & political pressures and attitudes, not on the severity of the crime. Example of early release policy due to prison overcrowding. Problem of media sensationalism.
Paper Introduction:
OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM:
IS IT TOO LENIENT, TOO TOUGH, OR JUST RIGHT?
There is no question that our criminal justice system has problems, but at the root, the problem is not whether it is too lenient or too tough, but whether it is responsive to the wrong pressures, so that the leniency or toughness in the prosecution of a crime is not based on the severity of the crime and the circumstances around, but on the economic and political pressures and attitudes surrounding it at that point in time
Sometimes the criminal justice system is considered too lenient, but that seems to happen less and less. The occasions when the justice system is too lenient occur almost always when convicted criminals are released early because of econo
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SEXUAL OFFENDERS WHO KILL.
Term Paper ID:30257
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Essay Subject:
Discusses reasons why sexual offenders kill their victims.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
6 sources, 29 Citations,
APA Format
$72.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses reasons why sexual offenders kill their victims. The two types of sexual homocide. Signs that an individual may become a sexual killer. Value to investigation of profiling crime scenes & offenders. Treatements for sex offenders. Division of experts regarding success of psychological treatment. Dangers to society of release.
Paper Introduction:
Sexual killers often display aggressive and antisocial behaviors during their childhood, which escalates to sexual sadism in adulthood. The pattern and style of their killings involves domination, control, humiliation and sadistic sexual violence. The killers rarely show remorse, and the murders of the randomly chosen victims are committed with no sense of guilt or shame (Geberth, 1995). These psychopaths are morally bereft, incapable of intimacy and empathy, essentially being entirely egocentric. They reason in a way that is not acceptable to society and investigators must attempt to determine how their alternative reasoning works (Turvey par. 43-45). Examined in this paper are sexual offenders who kill and their reasons for killing, signs that an individual may become a sexual killer, the value of offender profiling, and
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WORKPLACE VIOLENCE.
Term Paper ID:30229
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Essay Subject:
Examines escalation of various kinds of violence in the workplace.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
7 sources, 26 Citations,
APA Format
$72.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines escalation of various kinds of violence in the workplace. Robbery, client violence, co-worker violence. Use of criminal & sociological theories to explain violent behaviors. Duty of employers to provide a safe, healthy workplace. Profiling violent perpetrators, particularly of co-worker violence. Importance of developing security systems & social bonds. Statistics.
Paper Introduction:
Workplace violence has escalated considerably during the last two decades and security firms are increasingly forced to take these behaviors into account as part of their mission with various kinds of companies. There are three basic categories of workplace violence, based on type of perpetrator: actions performed by outsiders; actions performed by clients; and co-worker violence. The first category--which includes, for instance, those who try to rob a place of business--has always been a security concern and the design of any system of protection takes this into account. But both client violence--which constitutes a significant percentage of incidents of workplace violence especially in service settings such as hospitals, public agencies, and nursing homes--and co-worker-perpetuated violence--which includes everything from simple aggressive behavior to homicide--present different kinds of challenges and are the
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CRIME CONTROL.
Term Paper ID:30180
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Essay Subject:
Discusses the need for greater interagency cooperation between law enforcement agencies at all levels of government.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
9 sources, 26 Citations,
APA Format
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses the need for greater interagency cooperation between law enforcement agencies at all levels of government. Importance in reducing violent crimes. Discusses the decline in crime in general in the U.S. Various programs that account for the decline. Recommends federal, state and local officials & agencies agree to share resources and information.
Paper Introduction:
Controlling Crime With Interagency Cooperation
The idea has been advanced that crime control and reduction can best be achieved via close cooperation and communication between the myriad law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies and organizations that exist at the federal, state and local levels. It is the purpose of this report to examine this thesis, and to present a case in favor of enhanced interagency cooperation. While crime in the United States in general and in major metropolitan areas in particular has declined in recent years, greater reductions in violent crime are clearly needed to improve the safety and security of the general public. Stephens (1999) reported that street crime in the United States dropped to historically low levels by the end of the 1990S. Various research studies have been conducted to empirically determine
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CHEMICAL CASTRATION OF MALE SEX OFFENDERS.
Term Paper ID:30068
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Essay Subject:
Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
23 sources, 34 Citations,
APA Format
$120.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders. Describes how hormone therapy works. States that permit its use. Controversy over the treatment regarding medical risks and Constitutional issues. Research studies conducted on effectiveness. Need for psychological therapy Need for future research studies.
Paper Introduction:
I. Introduction
A. Chemical castration and male sex offenders
For many years, the U.S. has sought to eliminate sexual offenses by treating sexual offenders with various methods such as behavioral modification therapy, relapse prevention and cognitive reconditioning (“Review of the research literature,” 2001, p. 5). Since 1981, with the discovery of the effectiveness of specific hormones in reducing testosterone levels in human beings (Berlin & Meinecke, 1981), hormone therapy, known as chemical castration, has been tested extensively on sex offenders. Essentially, the objective of administering these drugs is to reduce the blood serum testosterone levels and lead to a concomitant decrease in sexual arousal and sexual preoccupations. The drugs work by acting on the hypothalamus,
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ISAAC RAY.
Term Paper ID:29660
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Essay Subject:
His contribution to forensic psychiatry.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
14 sources, 38 Citations,
APA Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
His contribution to forensic psychiatry. His efforts to humanize treatment of mentally ill offenders in criminal courts. Development of the insanity defense. Ray's early life and career. His theory of moral insanity; naturalistic view of human beings. The 1843 McNaughton case and ruling. Ray's books on different facets of mental health and crime.
Paper Introduction:
ISAAC RAY
This research paper summarizes the life, contributions to criminology and influence of Isaac Ray (1807-1881). A man of many interests and talents, Ray pursued a long and distinguished career as a psychiatrist, a mental health administrator, writer, lecturer and community leader. He was the leading figure in the United States in the 19th century in the field of forensic psychiatry. He is best known for his efforts, sustained over several decades, to bring about reforms in the way in which criminal courts determined whether a defendant was insane. Ray wielded great influence within his profession. His views on the insanity defense were quoted by courts in America and Great Britain. They were highly controversial because he challenged the legal and scientific status quo and was an uncompromising
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KIDNAPPING.
Term Paper ID:29638
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Essay Subject:
Discusses the criminal act in terms of the sociology of deviant behavior.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
11 sources, 11 Citations,
OTHER Format
$64.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses the criminal act in terms of the sociology of deviant behavior. Growing incidence of child abductions in the U.S. Motivations for kidnapping including parental custody abduction, sexual predation/rape, profit, and homicidal intention. Reasons why kidnappers choose a deviant behavior; purposeful and conscious actions. Kidnapping as a "newsworthy" event.
Paper Introduction:
Sociology of Deviant Behavior
Kidnapping
INTRODUCTION
Major categories of deviant behavior include crime, drug abuse, alcoholism, mental disorders, suicide, murder and kidnapping. As witnessed by the rapidly increasing numbers of child abductions, kidnapping is becoming a common element of deviant behavior in American society and one that is drawing widespread media coverage. A number of sociologists from Durkheim to Becker argue that social groups manifest deviance because they make rules that if transgressed constitute deviance. There are biological, psychological and sociological theories of deviance. Biological theories of deviance would posit biological characteristics or inheritance as factors influencing the kidnapper. Psycho
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JORDANIAN PENAL CODE.
Term Paper ID:29613
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Essay Subject:
Application of Article 340 to "honor" killings.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
23 sources, 32 Citations,
MLA Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
Application of Article 34o to "honor" killings. Reduced sentences for male perpetrators who commit "honor" crimes against female members of their family. Attempt to abolish Art. 340. Background of honor crimes. Violent acts against women, including murder of a female relative who allegedly engaged in illicit sexual activity.
Paper Introduction:
'HONOR CRIMES' AND THE JORDANIAN PENAL CODE
This research paper discusses and analyzes the origins, including the legislative and judicial history, of Articles 340 and 98 of the Jordanian Penal Code, which sanction reduced sentences for, or total exculpation of, male perpetrators who commit 'honor killings' or other 'honor crimes' against female members of their families.
In response to international criticism of Jordan's traditionally lax approach to the prosecution and punishment of honor crime killers, the Jordanian government has recently attempted, with only partial success, to abolish Art. 340 and to increase the punishment meted out to such offenders. These efforts have engendered sharp controversy between the royal family of King Abdullah II and other modernizing elites, on the
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THEORIES OF CRIMINOLOGY.
Term Paper ID:29592
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Essay Subject:
Five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior.... More...
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23 Pages / 5175 Words
9 sources, 46 Citations,
APA Format
$136.00
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Paper Abstract:
Five theoretical explanations of criminal behavior. Classical or "choice" theory, strain theory, cultural deviance, social processing and conflict theories. Applies theories to seven scenarios of different types of criminal acts: Insider trading, call girl, car theft, poverty & gangs, tax-cheating, wife beater, date rape, robbery.
Paper Introduction:
Cases and Theories of Criminality
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to employ five theories of criminology to a series of seven scenarios involving some type of criminal behavior, identifying which of the theories is either most or least applicable to each scenario. The five theoretical explanations of criminality are: classical or “choice” theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory, social processing theory, and conflict theory. Each case will be addressed in a separate section, below.
Insider Trading
The first scenario involves a case in which a Wall Street broker possessed of an advanced degree from Harvard, who engages in insider trading practices and earns a million dollars over
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PEDOPHILIA.
Term Paper ID:29572
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Essay Subject:
Sexual abuse of children by Roman Catholic priests.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
9 sources, 26 Citations,
APA Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
Sexual abuse of children by Roman Catholic priests. Issues and impact of the scandal. Prosecutors pursuing cases of alleged sexual abuse, most involving male victims. The far-reaching, disastrous implications for the contemporary American Catholic Church. Responses of the American Church, the bishops and the Vatican.
Paper Introduction:
Pedophilia and the Catholic Church
In May 2002, the Catholic magazine America (177 priests resigned…, 2002) reported that a total of 177 Roman Catholic priests had either resigned or been removed from their posts across the country since the scandals over sexual abuse of minors by priests erupted in Boston in January of this year. Many prosecutors in different states are taking an aggressive approach to pursuing cases of alleged sexual abuse believed to have been committed (or already known to have occurred) by priests. Many males and their families who had previously been silent on this issue are coming forward, publicly reporting on instances of abuse at the hands of Roman Catholic priests that are in some cases decades old. For the American Church, this scandal has far-reaching and potentially disastrous implications.
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MEDICAL SERIAL KILLERS.
Term Paper ID:29555
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Essay Subject:
Discusses multiple murders by doctors.... More...
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22 Pages / 4950 Words
30 sources, 48 Citations,
APA Format
$136.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses multiple murders by doctors. Medical profession producing more medical serial killers than all other professions combined. Motives of power, control and financial gain. Analyzes personality characteristics, motivations and actions of medical serial killers. Constructs profile of a medical serial killer. Case study of Dr. Harold Shipman.
Paper Introduction:
MEDICAL SERIAL KILLERS
Introduction
...I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause his death..." (The Hippocratic Oath, cited in Geringer, 2000, p. 1)
For many people, the realization of the existence of medical serial killers is particularly frightening since they are under the Hippocratic Oath to heal their patients, not participate in their death. In spite of the medical community’s assertion that medical serial killers are extremely rare (Kinnell, 2000, p. 15
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IDENTITY THEFT.
Term Paper ID:29542
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Essay Subject:
Examines causes, incidence and effects.... More...
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37 Pages / 8325 Words
25 sources, 104 Citations,
APA Format
$136.00
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Paper Abstract:
Examines causes, incidence and effects. One of the fastest growing white-collar crimes in the United States. Financial loss and problems caused by identity fraud or theft. Role of electronic technology, the Internet and E-commerce in facilitating identify theft. Overview of white collar crime. Law enforcement action.
Paper Introduction:
Identity Theft
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to examine the causes, incidence, and effects of identity fraud or identity theft. The problem is of significance in that identity theft is one of the fastest growing white-collar crimes in the United States, affecting an estimated 900,000 new victims each year (Pollock & May, 2002). Identity theft is defined by Pollock and May (2002, p. 1) as “the criminal act of assuming someone else’s identity for some type of gain, normally financial.”
A recent survey indicated that 38 percent of all Americans have experienced some form of identity theft, usually as a result of a criminal gaining access to a victim’s personal identifying information and then accessing current accounts, including credit cards, t
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ORGANIZED CRIME IN SPORTS.
Term Paper ID:29522
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Essay Subject:
Illegal sports gambling in professional sports, horse racing and college sports.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
8 sources, 16 Citations,
APA Format
$56.00
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Paper Abstract:
Illegal sports gambling in professional sports, horse racing and college sports. Athletes as problem gamblers. History of gambling. Mob-connected organized control of sports betting. Growing link between organized crime and college athletics. Scope of the problem. Threat of new organized crime groups. Impact of sports wagering on integrity of sports contests.
Paper Introduction:
Organized Crime in Sports
Introduction
“If there’s competition involved, you can bet that you can bet on it” is a quote from Henry J. Hyde (R, Ill). Hyde is chairman of the United States House of Representatives and Chairman of the committee investigating College Sports Gambling explained the problem facing amateur athletics in the United States (Hyde schedules, 2000, Online). However, gambling on amateur sports events is the tip of the iceberg (Noll & Zimbalist, 1997).
Depending on which source you feel can be the most trusted, illegal gambling in the United States involves $80 billion to $580 billion annually. Most evidence points to the involvement of Organized Crime’s involvement in this situation, but, contrary to popular
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WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAM.
Term Paper ID:29518
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Essay Subject:
Overview of the WPP.... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
5 sources, 10 Citations,
APA Format
$64.00
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Paper Abstract:
Overview of the WPP. Value of the U.S. program as a crime fighting tool of the justice program. Lack of Congressional oversight. Purpose of WPP to protect witnesses who testify in serious criminal cases. History of program. How WPP operates. Protection of incarcerated prisoners and permanent relocation with new identities for other witnesses. Program evaluation.
Paper Introduction:
Witness Protection Program
Overview
The Witness Protection Program (WPP), more properly referred to as the Witness Security Program (WSP), is a United States program that was established under Public Law 91-452, more commonly known as the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. The purpose of the program is to provide a security blanket for witnesses in serious criminal cases whose lives would be in danger if they testified against the accused criminals. The WSP is, naturally, extremely security conscious, so much so that there is little Congressional oversight to the program, although there are strict rules concerning future contact by the witness with family or friends once in the WSP (Barnes, 2000).
According to the most reliable source, the Office of the Inspector General,
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LABELING THEORY.
Term Paper ID:29439
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Essay Subject:
Use for a study of deviance.... More...
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14 Pages / 3150 Words
9 sources, 52 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$112.00
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Paper Abstract:
Use for a study of deviance. Criminal activity of Black Panther Party and neutralization concept of deviant behavior; delinquents remain committed to the social order they offend. Two types of labeling: formal and informal. Labeling as a social process guided by political and economic forces. Huey Newton.
Paper Introduction:
Neutralization & Labeling Theory in Shadow of the Panther
Neutralization Techniques
Sykes and Matza introduced five techniques of neutralization that individuals employ to justify their deviant behavior. The five techniques are denying responsibility, denying the injury, blaming the victim, condemning the authorities and appealing to higher principles or authorities. Sykes & Matza believed that lower class urban males' feelings of desperation gave rise to their will to delinquency. Moreover, they noted that such males, when arrested, attempted to justify their delinquency as a positive response to unfair and burdensome social processes.
Thus, techniques of neutralization are based on the assumption that delinquents remain committed to the social order they offend. The theory proposes that offenders are not committed to op
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CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS.
Term Paper ID:29380
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Essay Subject:
Discusses professionals needed for death investigations.... More...
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10 Pages / 2250 Words
10 sources, 30 Citations,
APA Format
$80.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses professionals needed for death investigations. General roles and responsibilities. Police officers or Sheriff's deputies. Trained, experienced detectives. Forensic pathologists, coroners, medical examiners and forensic field and laboratory investigators trained in the use of new technologies and strategies for evidence gathering and preservation. U.S. Department of Justice guidelines for death crime scene investigators.
Paper Introduction:
Death Crime Scene Investigation
Proper death investigations as requiring trained and experienced detectives who can expertly evaluate situations of violent death and conduct detailed inquiries (Geberth, 1995). In addition, death crime scene investigations now the presence and cooperation of a number of other professional and expert actors, including forensic pathologists, coroners, medical examiners, and forensic field and laboratory investigators trained in the use of new technologies and strategies for gathering and preserving evidence and using that evidence to identify suspects (U.S. Department of Justice, 1999). The purpose of this report is to examine the activities undertaken in death crime scene investigation focusing specifically on the roles of the key actors in such an investigation and the relationship betw
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FALSE IMPRISONMENT.
Term Paper ID:29363
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Essay Subject:
Problem of the penal system.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
15 sources, 50 Citations,
APA Format
$120.00
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Paper Abstract:
Problem of the penal system. High number of African American males falsely imprisoned. Issues of mistaken identity, prosecutorial misconduct, suppression of evidence. Advocacy groups that provide assistance to people wrongfully imprisoned. Use of DNA evidence. Cites cases of men convicted and imprisoned for crimes they did not commit.
Paper Introduction:
False Imprisonment, Black Males, and New York
Introduction
False imprisonment is defined as “the unlawful restraint or detention of one person by another” or “any use or threat of force that makes someone stay where he does not want to stay or go where he does not want to go" (Poor, 1977, p. 782). False imprisonment may occur in many situations, but the term is generally used to refer to the incarceration of an individual in a local, state, or federal penal institution following conviction for a crime (Scheck, Neufeld, & Dwyer, 2000).
The problem of false imprisonment is not new. According to Barry Scheck, Peter Neufeld, and Jim Dwyer (2000), a substantial number of inmates serving or having served time in American prisons have been falsely incarcerated. Some inmates have been executed and
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SENTENCING SEVERITY.
Term Paper ID:29354
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Essay Subject:
Discusses this controversial aspect of the criminal justice system.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
4 sources, 11 Citations,
APA Format
$56.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses this controversial aspect of the criminal justice system. Factors contributing to variations in sentencing. Contends severity in sentencing varies in relation to offender's prior conviction, to the homicide rate. Increased public anxiety over rising crime rates. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws and three-strike laws.
Paper Introduction:
SENTENCING SEVERITY AS A FUNCTION OF PRIOR CONVICTIONS AND THE HOMICIDE RATE
Introduction
The issue of sentencing severity is a highly controversial aspect of the criminal justice system. On an anecdotal level, the severity of sentences applicable to similar offenses frequently appears to vary in relation to (1) offender race or ethnicity, (2) victim race or ethnicity, (3) public anxiety associated with crime rates, (4) criminal justice jurisdiction, and (5) judicial prerogative. Research studies, however, frequently tend to link sentence severity with offense type and offenders’ criminal records (Rothman & Powers, 1994).
The relationship of variations in sentencing severity to demographic or social factors not directly related to criminal o
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RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT.
Term Paper ID:29307
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Essay Subject:
Discusses forms of discrimination.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
3 sources, 3 Citations,
MLA Format
$40.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses forms of discrimination. Original protection under Civil Rights Act of 1964. Focus in recent years on gender, age and disabilities rather than on race. Problem of widespread discrimination in the workplace. Growing number of complaints of racial bias. African American and other minority communities. Access to legal means to address discrimination against minority groups.
Paper Introduction:
Racial Discrimination in Employment:
A Continuing Problem
The legal framework of protection against employment discrimination is the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which as amended provides protection against race, color, national origin, sex, religion, or age [Civil Rights Division 1]. Protection against discrimination based on disabilities is provided by separate legislation, the Americans with Disabilities Act.
In recent years, media attention with respect to the employment discrimination issue has tended to focus more on gender, age, disabilities, and so on, rather than on race. Several factors may contribute to this shift of emphasis. One is that these other forms of discrimination may affect a larger total number of people.
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RACIAL BIAS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
Term Paper ID:29305
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Essay Subject:
Discusses research studies.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
10 sources, 0 Citations,
MLA Format
$96.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses research studies. Premise that beliefs about race and culture negatively effect African-Americans. Relationship between America's history of legal racism and disproportionate number of blacks in lower socio-economic levels. Disproportionate number of black men incarcerated in prison. Theory of "New Institutionalism" and legal system.
Paper Introduction:
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
I. Introduction
This paper seeks to test the basic hypothesis that Black defendants receive disparate treatment in America’s criminal justice system. Many scholars have written about and studied the presence of a pervasive racial bias against Black defendants in America’s justice system. Generally, these scholars have argued that this country’s history of White domination has always meant that minority defendants are more likely to be viewed negatively and judged more harshly than White defendants. Many scholars have offered the disproportionate numbers of Black men incarcerated in the country’s prison as evidence of this bias. This paper undertakes a review of literature on this subject, from a variety of viewpoints and areas of concentration, to examine the evidence and sociological theories that eithe
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"EXPLAINING CRIME."
Term Paper ID:29226
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Essay Subject:
Response of society to crime.... More...
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5 Pages / 1125 Words
1 sources, 7 Citations,
APA Format
$40.00
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Paper Abstract:
Response of society to crime. Based on G. Nettler's book. Her analysis of different types of crime and explanations. Crime as a moral determination. Concept of no crime without intention or capacity. Issues affecting how society views crime. Concept of rational crime as purposeful. Events that can increase crime.
Paper Introduction:
Nettler (1984) offers an analysis of crime and the response of society to crime, beginning with definitions of crime and continuing through an analysis of different types of crime leading to a consideration of sociopsychological explanations for crime. She offers several possible explanations for crime and notes that we pay a different price when we choose one explanation over another. The analysis is extensive and opens a number of issues for further investigation and consideration concerning crime, its effect on society, and what society does to control the problem.
Crime costs in various ways, so we also pay a price simply for the fact of crime. Crime is broadly defined here as "the wrongs we do ourselves and others" (Nettler, 1996, 1). This makes crime a moral determination, and the author says there is thus no essence of criminality to be observed in a situation because the definition is in some degree itself situational, based on the moral criteria used. In the legal sense the term "refers only to
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IDENTITY FRAUD.
Term Paper ID:29174
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Essay Subject:
Defines the term.... More...
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15 Pages / 3375 Words
10 sources, 18 Citations,
APA Format
$120.00
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Paper Abstract:
Defines the term. Background and prevalence of identity theft or fraud. Materials used for fraud including social security, PIN, and bank account numbers. Types of identity fraud including credit card, bank and government benefits. Relation to white-collar crime. Response of law enforcement. Costs of identity fraud. Internet and e-commerce and identity fraud.
Paper Introduction:
IDENTITY FRAUD: STEALING A GOOD NAME
1. What is Identity Fraud?
A. Definition
A Social Security Administration website defines "identity theft" -- a term synonymous with identity fraud -- as occuring when "a criminal uses another person's personal information to take on that person's identity" (Social Security Administration, no date). Lest this be thought to apply only to Social Security numbers, the definition adds that "it can also include credit card and mail fraud."
A U.S. Department of Justice website expands on this definition, noting the circumstances that make identity fraud relatively simple:
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MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS.
Term Paper ID:29112
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Essay Subject:
Punishment and treatment of criminal defendants.... More...
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16 Pages / 3600 Words
24 sources, 68 Citations,
APA Format
$128.00
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Paper Abstract:
Punishment and treatment of criminal defendants. Compares handling mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) in the U.S., Great Britain and Scandinavia. Differing legal systems, mental health policies and cultural values. Historical overview. Deinstitutionalization. Public attitudes. Criminalization of MDO treatment. Movement for legal reform and protection of civil rights of MDOs.
Paper Introduction:
PUNISHMENT/TREATMENT OF MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS
This research paper discusses and compares similarities and
differences in the handling (punishment and/or treatment) of criminal defendants with mental disorders (mentally disordered offenders or MDOs) internationally, particularly in the United States, Great Britain and Scandinavia.
In dealing with MDOs, all societies have faced the necessity of protecting society from their criminal actions while also attempting to cure/rehabilitate them. In general, custodial isolation in the interests of public safety has been given priority over mental health treatment, largely due to public fear of, and indifference toward, MDOs and gross disparities between their therapeutic needs and available resources and facilities. Due to their differing cultural values, legal systems and mental health policies, the
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LYNCHING.
Term Paper ID:29108
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Essay Subject:
History of lynching in the U.S.... More...
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9 Pages / 2025 Words
12 sources, 19 Citations,
TURABIAN Format
$72.00
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Paper Abstract:
History of lynching in the U.S. Contends lynching of African-Americans was not just an act of hatred and rage, but at attempt to control behavior. Deep South as region of most lynchings. Ku Klux Klan. Nonaction on part of North. Anti-lynching protests and activities of Ida Wells and the NAACP. Media treatment of lynchings.
Paper Introduction:
The history of lynching in the United States ranks as one of the most horrific, shameful episodes in American history. In Lynch Law, the first serious investigation of lynching published in 1905, James E. Cutler states that “lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.” The lynching of African Americans began during the aftermath of the Civil War and continued well into the 20th Century, most often with little or no opposition from government agencies. Lynching was more than brutal violence wrought on one group of American citizens by another; it was also a means of social control. The argument of this paper is that lynching was not just an act of hatred and rage, but a deliberate and conscious attempt to control behavior, and as such it perpetuated a racist caste system in the United States.
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WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT.
Term Paper ID:29104
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Essay Subject:
Discusses reasons for small number of women on police forces.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
7 sources, 10 Citations,
APA Format
$56.00
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Paper Abstract:
Discusses reasons for small number of women on police forces. Historical overview. Current situation. Involvement of women in almost every aspect of police work. Discrimination against female officers. Example of LAPD. Women in other aspects of law enforcement such as public defenders, prosecuting attorneys, judges.
Paper Introduction:
Women in Law Enforcement
Introduction
This essay will analyze the relation of women to law enforcement. Even though women make up more than 51 percent of the American population, their representation on the police forces, the first line of law enforcement, usually hovers around 10 percent. The primary challenge of this essay will be to examine the possible reasons for this inequity. It will begin with a historical overview. Then we shall examine women in the police and patrol agencies around the United States. This will be followed by a brief analysis of women in other aspects of law enforcement -- making the laws, prosecuting the laws, and judging the laws.
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ORGANIZED CRIME IN SPORTS.
Term Paper ID:29095
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Essay Subject:
Problem of illegal gambling.... More...
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7 Pages / 1575 Words
8 sources, 12 Citations,
APA Format
$56.00
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Paper Abstract:
Problem of illegal gambling. History and scope of the problem; professional and college athletics. Organized crime control. Involvement of various ethnic crime gangs. Types of wagering. U.S. Congressional investigation of gambling on amateur sports events. Questions whether betting on collegiate, amateur and Olympic sports can be banned.
Paper Introduction:
Organized Crime in Sports
Introduction
“If there’s competition involved, you can bet that you can bet on it” is a quote from Henry J. Hyde (R, Ill). Hyde is chairman of the United States House of Representatives and Chairman of the committee investigating College Sports Gambling explained the problem facing amateur athletics in the United States (Hyde schedules, 2000, Online). However, gambling on amateur sports events is the tip of the iceberg (Noll & Zimbalist, 1997).
Depending on which source you feel can be the most trusted, illegal gambling in the United States involves $80 billion to $580 billion annually. Most evidence points to the involvement of Organized Crime’s involvement in this situation, but, contrary to popular
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WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAM.
Term Paper ID:29094
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Essay Subject:
Purpose of the Witness Security Program (WSP).... More...
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8 Pages / 1800 Words
5 sources, 8 Citations,
APA Format
$64.00
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Paper Abstract:
Purpose of the Witness Security Program (WSP). Its establishment under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Cost of providing witness services. Lack of Congressional oversight. How the program works. Safety and security issues. Program's flaws. Its future. Stress of relocation on women and men.
Paper Introduction:
Witness Protection Program
Overview
The Witness Protection Program (WPP), more properly referred to as the Witness Security Program (WSP), is a United States program that was established under Public Law 91-452, more commonly known as the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. The purpose of the program is to provide a security blanket for witnesses in serious criminal cases whose lives would be in danger if they testified against the accused criminals. The WSP is, naturally, extremely security conscious, so much so that there is little Congressional oversight to the program, although there are strict rules concerning future contact by the witness with family or friends once in the WSP (Barnes, 2000).
According to the most reliable source, the Office of the Inspector General,
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CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN THE U.S.
Term Paper ID:29060
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Essay Subject:
History of America's crime problems.... More...
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12 Pages / 2700 Words
9 sources, 28 Citations,
APA Format
$96.00
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Paper Abstract:
History of America's crime problems. Criminal activity and policing during the 1920s and 1930s. Law enforcement branches. Growth of organized crime. The American Mafia. Activities of Al Capone, Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel, Dutch Schultz. Law enforcement. Role of the FBI and Bureau Chief J. Edgar Hoover. Hoover's motives.
Paper Introduction:
CRIME AND POLICING DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION
INTRODUCTION:
"The Roaring Twenties," -- what a perfect aphorism. It was certainly roaring with music and dance, but it also was roaring with gangsters. In the aspect of gangsterism, the thirties were also roaring. Americans in this time period tolerated criminals, especially those involved in bootlegging. Crime in the 1930s is an outgrowth and extension of the crime that developed in the 1920s, during Prohibition after passage of the Volstead Act; in fact, the Volstead Act was not repealed until 1933, four years after the beginning of the Great Depression. Crime in the 1920s and 1930s is often seen as an outgrowth of prohibition or the application of business organization to illegal activities. As regards criminal activity, the major event that came with Prohibiti
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